In this study, only one DS (truss core missing) is considered. Therefore, in structural damage identification, various damage cases using different DE and DL values must be considered. Concealed fasteners, which cannot be seen if viewed from the facade, contribute to panels being architecturally attractive and functional. Accuracy of damage extent identification according to the statistical results. Chen and Jahanshahi (2018) proposed a deep learning (DL) framework to analyze individual video frames for crack detection. 333, 52995311. Previous studies often dealt with damage to the structural surface that could be captured by a camera or that used the structural raw displacement or acceleration data captured in experiments directly as the input data. (B) A unit cell of a pyramidal truss. doi: 10.1177/1475921718820100, Li, B., Li, Z., Zhou, J., Ye, L., and Li, E. (2015). 2022 PortaFab Corporation All Rights Reserved. The method can be summarized in four steps: Step 1 Build dataset according to the damage indices and analytical model. As an architect put it, in choosing the core material for a sandwich panel "I only use the mineral wool ones because your gut tells you it is not right to wrap a building in plastic". 4) The final process of damage identification relies on human judgment, which is time-consuming and subjective. Therefore, in this study, analytical models with random damage features, verified by experiments, are used as they are able to consider all possible damage features. To meet the needs and challenges of the market our manufacturer, as one of the few manufacturers created sandwich panels with a PIR MAX core with 0.019 lambda. Syst. 25dB for PU elements and at approx. IEEE Trans. We also share information about your use of our website with our social media, advertising and analytics service providers. 60, 8290. 65, 43924400. The plate cladding is galvanized steel sheet on both sides according to EN 10346 with organic polyester varnish with a coating thickness of 25 m. An analytical model verified by experiments based on a laser vibrometer is used to obtain raw data, which can generate various levels of damage inside the two face sheets. A theoretical analysis on the thermal buckling behavior of fully-clamped sandwich panels with truss cores. Struct. 3) Damage identification can be classified into inversion problems, and the solutions may be non-unique. For sandwich panels with truss core, the weakest part is the low-density core; therefore, some effective damage identification methods have been previously proposed for sandwich panels. In this study, a dataset based on two damage indices is used; this dataset has a significant influence on the effectiveness of the proposed method. Figure 5. The trained network could only identify damage areas 1 and 3. For composite SPTCs, Li et al. Faster R-CNN: towards real time object detection with region proposal networks. 
Sensors 20, 125. 
We used a GSM to construct a baseline. Typical laminated panels utilize foam, wood, or honeycomb cores sandwiched between high strength facing and substrate materials to produce lightweight panels with specific characteristics. insPIRe U MAXwall panels are designed for external curtain walls and internal partition walls in skeletal structures. Of the 2018 samples obtained, 50% were set as the training set and 50% were set as the testing set. However, these studies have mainly focused on damage location identification and only a few studies have discussed detection of the extent of the damage. Compos. Non-destructive test of low-energy impact in CFRP laminates and interior defects in honeycomb sandwich using scanning pulsed eddy current. Then, by combining these with a DL technique, the identification of damage features is more accurate. Step 3 Obtain the trained Faster RCNN model. Experimental information. doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/22/8/084011, Kumar, M., Shenoi, R. A., and Cox, S. J. Insulation PanelsInfill panels featuring thick poly iso cores for increased insulation values. (2009). In conclusion, according to the results in Figure 10, it can be seen that the damage can be located if the damage can be characterized in the figure, and the damage cannot be located if the damage cannot be characterized. Steel on PolyisoTotally non-combustible wall panel with excellent thermal insulation. Manufacturer has a profiling machine that allows bending of 1.25 mm thick sheet metal (maximum length of 6 m), in typical shapes from the catalog and according to the individual design of the customer. (A) Case 1 and (B) case 2. Cases 35 demonstrate that the damage location is identified accurately, but the damage extent could not be detected accurately. They ensure maximum fire protection and excellent sound reduction. The training dataset is often obtained through real videos or images. Step 4 Input the new data and evaluate the trained model. Figure 6. Struct. J. Struct. The proposed framework achieves a 98.3% hit rate. However, it is impractical to obtain massive data merely from experiments. Figure 8. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7683(02)00241-X, Guo, T., Wu, L. P., Wang, C. J., and Xu, Z. L. (2020). (2009) presented a model strain-energy two-step method for a composite sandwich beam. Steel sheet galvanized on both sides according to EN 10346 and coated with an organic polyester coating with a coat thickness of 25 m is used as facing. Figure 1. Struct. Therefore, the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) change. According to the results for 1 shown in Figure 4, it can be seen that the trend of 1 of simulation is in accordance with the experimental results as the DE increases from 0 to 4 5. Remember that with large halls, each additional centimeter gives additional space. By agreeing to the use of cookies on our website, you direct us to disclose your personal information to these service providers for those purposes. Figure 2. F & S with FRP ExteriorExcellent cleanability on a non-combustible and sound reduction panel. The details of DI-2 can be found in our previous work (Le et al., 2019). Struct. The density of sandwich panels range from 10kg/m. Case 2 shows the best result, with both the location and extent identified. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.04.051, Wadley, H. N. G., Fleck, N. A., and Evans, A. G. (2003). Hidden fastening, invisible from the facade, makes these panels very attractive in terms of architecture and functionality. Therefore, when the DE is small, DI-1 is more effective than DI-2. 3 m 5 m. The thickness of panels is from 40mm up to more than 200mm. Sandwich panel with increased fire resistance class, OUTER WALL - HORIZONTAL ARRANGEMENT OF PLATES. Effects of thermal exposure on mechanical behavior of carbon fiber composite pyramidal truss core sandwich panel. A-Solid. 
For DI-1, the loss value becomes stable very quickly. Seguel and Meruane (2018) proposed four damage indices, including mode shape curvatures, uniform load surface, modal strain energy, and gapped smoothing, to evaluate the debonding damage of an aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel. B-Eng. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated according to the accuracy of damage location and extent identification. 30dB for MW elements. The ability to identify the locations of damage and the extent of damage was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Finally, the input dataset, including massive and diverse samples, was built. where iD and iU are the i-th natural frequency of the damaged and undamaged specimens, respectively. This method can identify both the location and extent of damage in the faces and the core. The results revealed that different types of damage could be detected and localized accurately. Machine Intelligence 39, 11371149. The low tare weight of sandwich panels facilitates their installation in closed rooms, where transport of panels by mechanical means is difficult or even impossible. 78:10. doi: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2019.103858, Lai, J., Sun, L., Li, P. Z., Tan, T. C., Gao, L. X., Xi, Z. D., et al. Compared with traditional structure styles, such as beams or plates, internal damage identification of SPTCs is more difficult: 1) Internal damage, such as unbound nodes, is shielded by the face sheets, which hinders direct visible inspection, so a vibration-based identification method may be an important choice. Different damage features (style, extent, and location) have different influences on the structural vibration properties (Lou et al., 2014). Damage identification of low-density material-filled sandwich panels with truss core based on vibration properties. Caffe, a DL framework, was used to conduct the training process as it has been widely applied in DL and machine learning, such as computer vision, speech recognition, image feature coding, and information retrieval. For specimens with a single area of damage, three cases were used: SD1, SD2, and SD3. Figure 10. Structural damage detection in real-time: implementation of 1D convolutional neural networks for SHM applications, in Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection, Volume 7: Proceedings of the 35th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics. Technol. (2017) proposed a vision-based method by using the deep architecture of a CNN for detecting cracks in concrete. The use of insPIRe U sandwich panels with invisible fastening improves the visual effect of the building's facade. The statistical results also reveal that damage indices play a very important role in the identification process. Cladding PanelsLow cost, light weight panels featuring a textured exterior finish. Construction standards which will apply from 2021 will pay off with significantly lower energy consumption and comfort of use. Compos. Fiberglass CladdingEasy to clean panels are ideal for interior cladding on walls in laboratories type applications. Compos. Therefore, a simulation or numerical model is a very important way to obtain the data. 6 -302, 09117 Vilnius,Lithuania. For single-damage cases, a step-by-step analytical model is proposed. Stainless Steel on PolyisoAttractive and durable panels with excellent properties. 59, 196203. Klepka et al. The fire resistance class EI 60 allows to obtain a properly shaped panel lock additionally sealed with a rock wool element. Subsequently, an improved method was also developed to identify damage to unbounded nodes (Lu et al., 2017b). Sound Vib. All these geometric and material properties influence the global/local failure behavior of the sandwich panels under different loading conditions such as indentation. Parameter r is used to define the weight of low- and high-order modes in the damage index DI-1. A dataset that contains 300 images was used. Mech. The panels can be installed both vertically and horizontally as single and multi-span wall elements. For more information, please see our Privacy Policy and, if you are a California resident, our Privacy Notice to California Residents. 63, 23312343. The availability of panels in two modular widths minimizes the waste generated during assembly. Fabrication and structural performance of periodic cellular metal sandwich structures. Two-phase flow-induced instability and nonlinear dynamics of a single tube in tube bundles in the transverse direction. Compos, B. When the extent of the damage is small (HCM), the accuracy of damage feature identification based on DI-1 is higher than that based on DI-2, as shown in Tables 4 and 5. The unit cell of the pyramidal truss is shown in Figure 1B. Damage area 3 (TCM) is identified as HCM, and the corresponding accuracy is about 0.352, meaning that the trained network could identify that there is damage at this location but the probability of identifying it as HCM is not high. FRP Covered LuanPanels provide an easy to clean surface for interior wall applications. 123, 192205. Compared with DL, it is more difficult to identify the DE and DS. Fire & SoundValue-oriented panels with excellent thermal insulation, sound deadening properties, and a class A noncombustible rating. (2014). However, information from videos or images is normally very limited and cannot cover all possible damage features. Contact us for detailed information regarding specific panel thickness, span and type of application. AIAA J. However, as the DE increases from HCM to TCM or FCM, the accuracy based on DI-2 is better than the accuracy based on DI-1, as shown in Tables 4 and 5. (A) A damaged SPTC model. doi: 10.1177/1475921719846051, He, Y. In this study, a vibration analytical model with random damage features, described previously by the authors (Lu et al., 2017c), was used to generate the raw data. From Figure 10B, there are three areas of damage, including FCM, TCM, and HCM. 
Material properties and geometrical information. Vibration-based damage indices are used to extract the internal damage features according to information gained from the face sheet. (2015). Struct. When DE is large, DI-2 is better than DI-1. Four DE values are considered, including half-cell missing (HCM), one cell missing (OCM), two cells missing (TCM), and four cells missing (FCM). DI-1 is proposed for filled SPTCs, and needs information from a healthy structure as the baseline. Struct. When the damage case changes from SD3 to MD1, the trend of 1 of simulation is also in accordance with experimental results. Normal applications have spaces between the supports that are approx. Copyright 2020 Lu, Wang, Bi, Liu, Song and Huang. Health Monit. The results revealed that the method could identify the location of the damage successfully. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). In this work, only two different types of SWR surface defects were investigated. doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2016.2577031, Seguel, F., and Meruane, V. (2018). Vibration-based spatial damage identification in honeycomb-core sandwich composite structures using wavelet analysis. The tightness of panel joints is ensured by the PUS polyurethane gasket applied at the production stage. We gain more space through thinner walls, which allow the building line to be moved closer to the plot border, we also gain a larger usable area inside the hall. Custom PanelsChoose a face, core, and back along with any interior substrates to satisfy your specific application. Damage detection of surface cracks in composite laminates using modal analysis and strain energy method. Step 2 Set the dataset as input and train the Faster RCNN model. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-54109-9_6, Cha, Y. J., Choi, W., and Buyukozturk, O. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2764844, Chiras, S., Mumm, D. R., Evans, A. G., Wicks, N., Hutchinson, J. W., Dharmasena, K., et al. In contrast to the experimental specimens, in which the damage zone was prefabricated, the numerical model could simulate various cases with randomly distributed damage. (2017a) proposed a damage identification method based on a flexural matrix of metallic SPTCs. This work incorporates a DL technique with a vibration-based method to detect internal damage to SPTCs. DI-2 is expressed as: where DI-2 is defined in Equation (6), n is the number of the selected node, and m is the weight coefficient. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. Kareiviu str. Vibration analytical models of sandwich structure with truss core (SPTC). High-frequency ultrasonic excitation and low-frequency model excitation were used to observe non-linear modulations in ultrasonic waves due to structural damage. Aluminum GypsumEasy to clean panels ideal for interior cladding on walls in cleanroom type applications. The details of the model are given in Table 1. To build the rich dataset, two kinds of analytical models are presented. The panels can be installed both vertically and horizontally. doi: 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00266-5, Yuan, W., Song, H. W., Wang, X., and Huang, C. G. (2015). Detailed information on connectors can be found in our technical catalogues. 163, 248256. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. B-Eng. (2018) proposed an acoustic emission-based real-time health monitoring framework to efficiently identify the probable damage in sandwich composite structures. Damage-induced acoustic emission source identification in an advanced sandwich composite structure. (2020) used machine vision and DL for structural health monitoring by focusing on detecting bolt loosening. Sci. (2016) used deep CNN to detect cracks in roads. Infill PanelsAttractive, energy-efficient alternative or complement to glass panels. The assembly system of sandwich panels helps create air and water-tight buildings. Surface damage detection for steel wire ropes using deep learning and computer vision techniques. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2014.05.023, Zhu, K. G., Qing, X. L. P., and Liu, P. (2016). Model information of sandwich panel with truss core (SPTC). Struct. We provide solutions for facilities with individual requirements, such as extra fire-safety, hygiene, sensitive acoustics, and modern architecture. To detect the extent of damage more accurately, some intelligent techniques, such as a genetic algorithm (GA) or convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have been combined with traditional vibration-based methods or other methods (Zhu et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2019). Compos. Professional bundling and sale of building materials in the Baltic States, Insulated Panel Systems for External and Internal walls. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.12.059, Liu, T. W., Xu, H., Ragulskis, M., Cao, M. S., and Ostachowicz, W. (2020). Compos B-Eng. The panels can be mounted both vertically and horizontally as single and multi-span elements. 202, 860866. Huang et al. Cha et al. where p and p are the p-th natural frequency and mode shape, respectively; I is {1,,1}T1n; P1 and P2 are the beginning and ending order modes, respectively, in the practical case; and D and U denote the damaged and undamaged model, respectively. It can be seen that the identification accuracy increases as the DE increases because the damaged feature identified by the indices becomes more obvious as the DE increases. Figure 3. In the model, for a given DE and DS, DL moves step by step until all possible DL values are used, as shown in Figure 2A. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Lu et al. where E and F are the numbers of the columns and rows of the measuring points; P1 and P2 are the beginning and ending order modes, respectively, in the practical case; and pm is defined as the weight coefficient of the p-th component and is expressed in Equation (7). doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.051, Lu, L. L., Song, H. W., Yuan, W., and Huang, C. G. (2017a). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. MW Swall panels with visible fastening are intended for the construction of external and internal walls on a building frame. CH: project administration. B., Song, H. W., Xing, X. D., and Huang, C. G. (2019). Compos. But, for DI-2, it can be seen that the characteristics of the identified damage change a lot as the DE increases from HCM to FCM. Sandwich panel with increased fire resistance classinsPIRe FIREconsists of 2 galvanized steel claddings and coated with organic polyester varnish. Road crack detection using deep convolutional neural network, in IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. In these studies, damage at different locations and of different extents are considered. Struct. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. Compos. The panels can be installed both vertically and horizontally as single and multi-span wall elements. Then two damage indices, one with a baseline and the other without a baseline, are used to construct the input to the neural networks. Taking SD3 for example, the largest 1 is almost 1, and the smallest 1 is 0.84, because the DL is different. The installation of a system with sandwich panels minimizes thermal bridges through the joints. Solids Struct. (2014). HCM, half-cell missing; OCM, one cell missing; TCM, two cells missing; FCM, four cells missing.
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